Kubwera kwa chip ichi kunasintha njira yopangira chip!
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, mapurosesa a 8-bit anali akadali ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo, ndipo njira za CMOS zinali zovuta m'munda wa semiconductor. Mainjiniya a AT&T Bell Labs adachitapo kanthu molimba mtima mtsogolomo, kuphatikiza njira zopangira ma 3.5-micron CMOS ndi zomanga za 32-bit purosesa poyesa kupitilira omwe akupikisana nawo pakuchita chip, kupitilira IBM ndi Intel.
Ngakhale kupangidwa kwawo, Bellmac-32 microprocessor, inalephera kukwaniritsa malonda azinthu zakale monga Intel 4004 (yotulutsidwa mu 1971), chikoka chake chinali chachikulu. Masiku ano, tchipisi pafupifupi mafoni onse, ma laputopu, ndi mapiritsi amadalira mfundo zowonjezera za metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) zoyendetsedwa ndi Bellmac-32.
Zaka za m'ma 1980 zinali kuyandikira, ndipo AT&T inali kuyesa kudzisintha yokha. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, chimphona cha telecommunication chotchedwa "Amayi Bell" chinali cholamulira bizinesi yolankhulana ndi mawu ku United States, ndipo kampani yake ya Western Electric inapanga pafupifupi mafoni onse omwe amapezeka m'nyumba ndi maofesi a ku America. Boma la United States lidalimbikitsa kutha kwa bizinesi ya AT&T pazifukwa zosagwirizana, koma AT&T idawona mwayi wolowera pamakompyuta.
Ndi makampani apakompyuta omwe akhazikitsidwa kale pamsika, AT&T idapeza zovuta kuzipeza; njira yake inali kudumphadumpha, ndipo Bellmac-32 inali njira yake yoyambira.
Banja la chip Bellmac-32 lalemekezedwa ndi IEEE Milestone Award. Mwambo wowulula udzachitika chaka chino ku kampasi ya Nokia Bell Labs ku Murray Hill, New Jersey, komanso ku Computer History Museum ku Mountain View, California.
UNIQUE CHIP
M'malo motsatira muyezo wa tchipisi ta 8-bit, oyang'anira AT&T adatsutsa mainjiniya a Bell Labs kuti apange chinthu chosinthira: makina opangira ma microprocessor oyamba omwe amatha kusamutsa ma 32 bits a data mu wotchi imodzi. Izi sizinafunikire chip chatsopano komanso kamangidwe katsopano—kamene kamatha kugwira ntchito yosinthira matelefoni ndi kukhala msana wa makina apakompyuta amtsogolo.
"Sitikungopanga chip chofulumira," atero a Michael Condry, omwe amatsogolera gulu la zomangamanga ku Bell Labs 'Holmdel, New Jersey, malo. "Tikuyesera kupanga chip chomwe chingathe kuthandizira mawu ndi compute."
Panthawiyo, ukadaulo wa CMOS unkawoneka ngati njira yodalirika koma yowopsa ku mapangidwe a NMOS ndi PMOS. Tchipisi za NMOS zidadalira kwambiri ma transistors amtundu wa N, omwe anali othamanga koma anjala yamphamvu, pomwe tchipisi ta PMOS zidadalira kusuntha kwa mabowo okhala ndi zida zabwino, zomwe zinali pang'onopang'ono. CMOS idagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe osakanizidwa omwe amachulukitsa liwiro ndikupulumutsa mphamvu. Ubwino wa CMOS unali wovuta kwambiri kotero kuti posakhalitsa makampani adazindikira kuti ngakhale angafunike kuwirikiza kawiri ma transistors (NMOS ndi PMOS pachipata chilichonse), zinali zoyenera.
Ndi chitukuko chachangu chaukadaulo wa semiconductor wolongosoledwa ndi Moore's Law, mtengo wowirikiza kawiri kachulukidwe wa transistor unakhala wokhoza kutheka ndipo pamapeto pake ulibe kanthu. Komabe, Bell Labs itayamba njuga yowopsa kwambiri iyi, ukadaulo waukulu wopanga CMOS sunatsimikizidwe ndipo mtengo wake unali wokwera.
Izi sizinawopsyeze Bell Labs. Kampaniyo idatengera ukatswiri wamasukulu ake ku Holmdel, Murray Hill, ndi Naperville, Illinois, ndipo idasonkhanitsa "gulu lamaloto" la akatswiri opanga ma semiconductor. Gululi linaphatikizapo Condrey, Steve Conn, nyenyezi yomwe ikukwera pakupanga chip, Victor Huang, wojambula wina wa microprocessor, ndi antchito ambiri ochokera ku AT&T Bell Labs. Anayamba kudziwa njira yatsopano ya CMOS mu 1978 ndikupanga microprocessor ya 32-bit kuyambira pachiyambi.
Yambani ndi kamangidwe kamangidwe
Condrey anali Fellow wakale wa IEEE ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala Chief Technology Officer wa Intel. Gulu la zomangamanga lomwe adawatsogolera linali lodzipereka kuti lipange kachitidwe komwe komweko kamathandizira kachitidwe ka Unix ndi chilankhulo cha C. Panthawiyo, chilankhulo cha Unix ndi C chinali akadali akhanda, koma adayenera kulamulira. Kuti athe kudutsa malire ofunikira kwambiri okumbukira ma kilobytes (KB) panthawiyo, adayambitsa malangizo ovuta omwe amafunikira masitepe ocheperako ndipo amatha kumaliza ntchito mkati mwa wotchi imodzi.
Mainjiniya adapanganso tchipisi tomwe timathandizira mabasi ofananira a VersaModule Eurocard (VME), omwe amathandizira kugawa makompyuta ndikulola ma node angapo kuti agwiritse ntchito deta molumikizana. Tchipisi zogwirizana ndi VME zimawathandizanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera nthawi yeniyeni.
Gululo linalemba mtundu wake wa Unix ndikuupatsa mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwirizana ndi makina opanga mafakitale ndi ntchito zofananira. Akatswiri opanga ma Bell Labs adapanganso malingaliro a domino, omwe amachulukitsa liwiro la kukonza pochepetsa kuchedwa pazipata zovuta zamalingaliro.
Njira zowonjezera zoyesera ndi kutsimikizira zidapangidwa ndikuyambitsidwa ndi gawo la Bellmac-32, pulojekiti yovuta yotsimikizira ndi kuyesa kwamitundu yambiri motsogozedwa ndi Jen-Hsun Huang yomwe idakwaniritsa ziro kapena pafupifupi ziro zolakwika pakupanga zida zovuta. Aka kanali koyamba padziko lonse lapansi mayeso a very large scale Integrated circuit (VLSI). Akatswiri opanga ma Bell Labs adapanga dongosolo lokhazikika, kuyang'ana mobwerezabwereza ntchito za anzawo, ndipo pamapeto pake adapeza mgwirizano wopanda malire m'mabanja angapo a chip, zomwe zidafika pachimake pakompyuta yaying'ono.
Chotsatira pakubwera gawo lovuta kwambiri: kupanga kwenikweni kwa chip.
"Panthaŵiyo, masanjidwe, kuyesa, ndi umisiri wopanga zokolola zambiri zinali zosoŵa kwambiri," akukumbukira motero Kang, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala pulezidenti wa Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) ndi mnzake wa IEEE. Amanenanso kuti kusowa kwa zida za CAD zotsimikizira zonse za chip zidakakamiza gululi kusindikiza zojambula zazikuluzikulu za Calcomp. Ma schematics awa akuwonetsa momwe ma transistors, mawaya, ndi zolumikizira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mkati mwa chip kuti zipereke zomwe mukufuna. Gululo lidawasonkhanitsa pansi ndi tepi, kupanga chojambula chachikulu choposa mamita 6 kumbali. Kang ndi anzake adajambula pamanja dera lililonse m'mapensulo achikuda, kufunafuna zolumikizira zosweka komanso zolumikizirana kapena zosagwiridwa bwino.
Mapangidwe akuthupi atatha, gululo linakumana ndi vuto lina: kupanga. Tchipisizo zinapangidwa pafakitale ya Western Electric ku Allentown, Pennsylvania, koma Kang amakumbukira kuti zokolola (peresenti ya tchipisi pamipando yopyapyala yomwe imakwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito ndi miyezo yapamwamba) inali yotsika kwambiri.
Kuti athane ndi izi, a Kang ndi anzawo amapita ku fakitale kuchokera ku New Jersey tsiku lililonse, akugudubuza manja awo ndikuchita chilichonse chofunikira, kuphatikiza kusesa pansi ndikuyesa zida zoyesera, kuti apange ubale ndikutsimikizira aliyense kuti chinthu chovuta kwambiri chomwe chomeracho chidayesapo kupanga chikhoza kupangidwa pamenepo.
"Ntchito yomanga timu idayenda bwino," adatero Kang. "Patapita miyezi ingapo, Western Electric idakwanitsa kupanga tchipisi tapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimafunikira."
Baibulo loyamba la Bellmac-32 linatulutsidwa mu 1980, koma linalephera kukwaniritsa zomwe ankayembekezera. Maulendo ake omwe amawunikira anali 2 MHz, osati 4 MHz. Akatswiriwa anapeza kuti zipangizo zamakono zoyesera za Takeda Riken zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito panthawiyo zinali zolakwika, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira za mzere wopatsirana pakati pa kafukufuku ndi mutu woyesera zomwe zimayambitsa miyeso yolakwika. Anagwira ntchito ndi gulu la Takeda Riken kuti apange tebulo lowongolera kuti akonze zolakwika za muyeso.
Ma tchipisi a Bellmac a m'badwo wachiwiri anali ndi liwiro la wotchi yopitilira 6.2 MHz, nthawi zina mpaka 9 MHz. Izi zinkaganiziridwa mofulumira kwambiri panthawiyo. Purosesa ya 16-bit Intel 8088 yomwe IBM idatulutsa mu PC yake yoyamba mu 1981 inali ndi liwiro la wotchi ya 4.77 MHz yokha.
Chifukwa chiyani Bellmac-32 sanatero't kukhala odziwika
Ngakhale lonjezano lake, ukadaulo wa Bellmac-32 sunapezeke kutengera malonda ambiri. Malinga ndi Condrey, AT&T idayamba kuyang'ana opanga zida za NCR chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo pambuyo pake adatembenukira ku zogula, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kampaniyo idasankha kuthandizira mizere yosiyana ya chip. Panthawiyo, mphamvu ya Bellmac-32 inali itayamba kukula.
"Bellmac-32 isanachitike, NMOS inkalamulira msika," adatero Condry. "Koma CMOS idasintha mawonekedwe chifukwa idakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yochitira izi."
M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuzindikira uku kunasinthanso makampani a semiconductor. CMOS ikhoza kukhala maziko a ma microprocessors amakono, kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa digito pazida monga makompyuta apakompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja.
Kuyesera molimba mtima kwa Bell Labs-kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira yosayesedwa komanso kutengera mibadwo yonse ya kamangidwe ka chip-chinali chochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri yaukadaulo.
Monga momwe Pulofesa Kang akunenera kuti: “Tinali patsogolo pa zimene zinali zotheka. Pulofesa Huang, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala wachiwiri kwa director wa Singapore Institute of Microelectronics komanso ndi Mnzake wa IEEE, akuwonjezera kuti: "Izi sizinaphatikizepo kamangidwe ka chip komanso kamangidwe kake, komanso kutsimikizira kwachikulu kwakukulu - pogwiritsa ntchito CAD koma popanda zida zamakono zofananira za digito kapena ma boardboard (njira yokhazikika yowonera kamangidwe ka makina amagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito tchipisi tolumikizana mokhazikika)
Condry, Kang ndi Huang amayang'ana m'mbuyo nthawi imeneyo mwachikondi ndikuwonetsa kuyamikira luso ndi kudzipereka kwa antchito ambiri a AT&T omwe khama lawo linapangitsa kuti banja la chip Bellmac-32 litheke.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-19-2025