Kufika kwa chip ichi kunasintha njira yopangira chip!
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, mapurosesa a 8-bit anali akadali ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo, ndipo njira za CMOS zinali zovuta kwambiri pa gawo la semiconductor. Mainjiniya ku AT&T Bell Labs adatenga gawo lolimba mtima mtsogolo, kuphatikiza njira zamakono zopangira CMOS za 3.5-micron ndi zomangamanga zatsopano za mapurosesa a 32-bit pofuna kupambana opikisana nawo pakugwira ntchito kwa chip, kupitirira IBM ndi Intel.
Ngakhale kuti njira yawo yopangira Bellmac-32 microprocessor, sinapambane malonda a zinthu zakale monga Intel 4004 (yomwe inatulutsidwa mu 1971), mphamvu yake inali yaikulu. Masiku ano, ma chips omwe ali m'mafoni ambiri, ma laputopu, ndi mapiritsi amadalira mfundo za complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) zomwe Bellmac-32 inayambitsa.
Zaka za m'ma 1980 zinali kuyandikira, ndipo AT&T inali kuyesera kudzisintha yokha. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kampani yayikulu yolumikizirana ndi mafoni yotchedwa "Mother Bell" inali ikutsogolera bizinesi yolumikizirana ndi mawu ku United States, ndipo kampani yake ya Western Electric inkapanga mafoni ambiri m'nyumba ndi m'maofesi aku America. Boma la US linalimbikitsa kuti bizinesi ya AT&T ithetsedwe chifukwa chotsutsana ndi kudalirana, koma AT&T inapeza mwayi wolowa m'makompyuta.
Popeza makampani a makompyuta anali atakhazikika kale pamsika, AT&T inavutika kukwanitsa; njira yake inali yodumphadumpha, ndipo Bellmac-32 inali njira yake yoyambira.
Banja la Bellmac-32 chip lapatsidwa mphoto ya IEEE Milestone Award. Misonkhano yotsegulira idzachitika chaka chino ku Nokia Bell Labs campus ku Murray Hill, New Jersey, ndi ku Computer History Museum ku Mountain View, California.
CHIP YAPADERA
M'malo motsatira muyezo wa makampani a ma chips a 8-bit, akuluakulu a AT&T adatsutsa mainjiniya a Bell Labs kuti apange chinthu chatsopano: microprocessor yoyamba yamalonda yomwe imatha kusamutsa ma bits 32 a deta mu koloko imodzi. Izi sizinkafuna chip yatsopano yokha komanso kapangidwe katsopano—komwe kungathe kuthana ndi kusinthana kwa ma telecommunication ndikukhala ngati msana wa makina apakompyuta amtsogolo.
"Sitikungopanga chip yofulumira," anatero Michael Condry, yemwe akutsogolera gulu la zomangamanga ku Bell Labs' Holmdel, New Jersey, facility. "Tikuyesera kupanga chip yomwe ingathandize mawu ndi makompyuta."
Panthawiyo, ukadaulo wa CMOS unkaonedwa ngati njira ina yabwino koma yowopsa m'malo mwa mapangidwe a NMOS ndi PMOS. Ma chips a NMOS ankadalira kwambiri ma transistors a mtundu wa N, omwe anali achangu koma okonda mphamvu, pomwe ma chips a PMOS ankadalira kuyenda kwa mabowo omwe anali ndi mphamvu zabwino, zomwe zinali zochedwa kwambiri. CMOS idagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kosakanikirana komwe kumawonjezera liwiro pamene ikusunga mphamvu. Ubwino wa CMOS unali wodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti makampaniwo adazindikira posachedwa kuti ngakhale atafuna ma transistors owirikiza kawiri (NMOS ndi PMOS pa chipata chilichonse), zinali zoyenera.
Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa semiconductor womwe unafotokozedwa ndi Moore's Law, mtengo wa kuwirikiza kawiri kwa transistor unakhala wosavuta kuugwiritsa ntchito ndipo pamapeto pake sunali wokwanira. Komabe, Bell Labs itayamba kutchova juga kumeneku komwe kunali koopsa kwambiri, ukadaulo waukulu wopanga CMOS sunatsimikizidwe ndipo mtengo wake unali wokwera.
Izi sizinawopseze Bell Labs. Kampaniyo idagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa masukulu ake ku Holmdel, Murray Hill, ndi Naperville, Illinois, ndipo idapanga "gulu lolota" la mainjiniya a semiconductor. Gululo linaphatikizapo Condrey, Steve Conn, katswiri wodziwika bwino pakupanga ma chip, Victor Huang, wopanga ma microprocessor ena, ndi antchito ambiri ochokera ku AT&T Bell Labs. Anayamba kuphunzira njira yatsopano ya CMOS mu 1978 ndikupanga microprocessor ya 32-bit kuyambira pachiyambi.
Yambani ndi kapangidwe ka mapulani
Condrey anali membala wakale wa IEEE ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala Chief Technology Officer wa Intel. Gulu la zomangamanga lomwe anali kutsogolera linali lodzipereka popanga dongosolo lomwe linkathandizira makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Unix ndi chilankhulo cha C. Panthawiyo, Unix ndi chilankhulo cha C zonse zinali zidakali zazing'ono, koma zinali zoti zizilamulira. Pofuna kudutsa malire amtengo wapatali kwambiri a kilobytes (KB) panthawiyo, adayambitsa seti yovuta ya malangizo yomwe inkafuna njira zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndipo ikanatha kumaliza ntchito mkati mwa nthawi imodzi ya wotchi.
Mainjiniya adapanganso ma chip omwe amathandizira VersaModule Eurocard (VME) parallel bus, yomwe imalola kugawa ma computer ndikulola ma node angapo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito deta nthawi imodzi. Ma chip omwe amagwirizana ndi VME amathandizanso kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni.
Gululo linalemba mtundu wake wa Unix ndipo linapatsa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirizana ndi makina odziyimira pawokha a mafakitale ndi mapulogalamu ena ofanana. Mainjiniya a Bell Labs adapanganso domino logic, yomwe idawonjezera liwiro la kukonza mwa kuchepetsa kuchedwa kwa zipata zovuta za logic.
Njira zina zoyesera ndi kutsimikizira zinapangidwa ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito Bellmac-32 module, pulojekiti yovuta yotsimikizira ndi kuyesa ma chip ambiri yotsogozedwa ndi Jen-Hsun Huang yomwe idapeza zolakwika za zero kapena pafupifupi zero popanga ma chip ovuta. Iyi inali yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yoyesa ma circuit akuluakulu (VLSI). Mainjiniya a Bell Labs adapanga dongosolo lokhazikika, adayang'ana mobwerezabwereza ntchito ya anzawo, ndipo pamapeto pake adapeza mgwirizano wopanda mavuto m'mabanja ambiri a ma chip, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale makina ang'onoang'ono.
Kenako pakubwera gawo lovuta kwambiri: kupanga kwenikweni kwa chip.
“Panthawiyo, njira zopangira zinthu, kuyesa, komanso kupanga zinthu zopindulitsa kwambiri zinali zochepa kwambiri,” akukumbukira Kang, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala purezidenti wa Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) komanso membala wa IEEE. Iye akunena kuti kusowa kwa zida za CAD zotsimikizira ma chip onse kunapangitsa gululo kusindikiza zojambula zazikulu za Calcomp. Zithunzizi zikusonyeza momwe ma transistors, mawaya, ndi ma interconnect ziyenera kuyikidwa mkati mwa chip kuti zipereke zotsatira zomwe akufuna. Gululo linazisonkhanitsa pansi ndi tepi, ndikupanga sikweya yayikulu yojambula mamita oposa 6 mbali imodzi. Kang ndi anzake adajambula pamanja dera lililonse ndi mapensulo amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kufunafuna maulumikizidwe osweka ndi maulumikizidwe olumikizana kapena osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.
Kapangidwe kake katatha, gululo linakumana ndi vuto lina: kupanga. Ma chips anapangidwa ku Western Electric plant ku Allentown, Pennsylvania, koma Kang akukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwa zokolola (chiwerengero cha ma chips pa wafer chomwe chinakwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito ndi miyezo ya khalidwe) chinali chotsika kwambiri.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, Kang ndi anzake ankapita ku fakitale kuchokera ku New Jersey tsiku lililonse, ankakwera manja awo ndikuchita chilichonse chofunikira, kuphatikizapo kusesa pansi ndi kuyika zida zoyesera, kuti apange ubwenzi ndikutsimikizira aliyense kuti chinthu chovuta kwambiri chomwe fakitaleyo idayesapo kupanga chingapangidwe kumeneko.
"Ntchito yomanga gulu inayenda bwino," anatero Kang. "Patatha miyezi ingapo, Western Electric inatha kupanga ma chips apamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe amafunira."
Mtundu woyamba wa Bellmac-32 unatulutsidwa mu 1980, koma sunakwaniritse zomwe amayembekezera. Mafupipafupi a ntchito yake anali 2 MHz yokha, osati 4 MHz. Mainjiniya adapeza kuti zida zamakono zoyesera za Takeda Riken zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito panthawiyo zinali ndi zolakwika, ndipo zotsatira za mzere wotumizira pakati pa probe ndi mutu woyesera zinali zolakwika. Anagwira ntchito ndi gulu la Takeda Riken kuti apange tebulo lowongolera kuti akonze zolakwika zoyezera.
Ma chips a Bellmac a m'badwo wachiwiri anali ndi liwiro la wotchi lopitirira 6.2 MHz, nthawi zina kufika pa 9 MHz. Izi zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zachangu kwambiri panthawiyo. Purosesa ya 16-bit Intel 8088 yomwe IBM idatulutsa mu PC yake yoyamba mu 1981 inali ndi liwiro la wotchi la 4.77 MHz yokha.
Chifukwa chake Bellmac-32 sinatero'kukhala wotchuka
Ngakhale kuti inali yolonjeza, ukadaulo wa Bellmac-32 sunayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamalonda. Malinga ndi Condrey, AT&T inayamba kuyang'ana kampani yopanga zida za NCR kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo pambuyo pake inayamba kugula, zomwe zinatanthauza kuti kampaniyo inasankha kuthandizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi chip. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, mphamvu ya Bellmac-32 inali itayamba kukula.
"Bellmac-32 isanayambe, NMOS inali yolamulira msika," adatero Condry. "Koma CMOS inasintha mawonekedwe ake chifukwa inakhala njira yothandiza kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito bwino kwambiri."
Patapita nthawi, kuzindikira kumeneku kunasintha makampani opanga ma semiconductor. CMOS idakhala maziko a ma microprocessor amakono, zomwe zinayambitsa kusintha kwa digito pazida monga makompyuta apakompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja.
Kuyesa kolimba mtima kwa Bell Labs—pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira yosayesedwa komanso yokhudza mbadwo wonse wa zomangamanga za ma chip—kunali kofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya ukadaulo.
Monga momwe Pulofesa Kang akunenera: “Tinali patsogolo pa zomwe zinali zotheka. Sitinkangotsatira njira yomwe ilipo, koma tinkayambitsa njira yatsopano.” Pulofesa Huang, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala wachiwiri kwa director wa Singapore Institute of Microelectronics komanso IEEE Fellow, akuwonjezera kuti: “Izi sizinali kungophatikiza kapangidwe ka chip ndi kapangidwe kake kokha, komanso kutsimikizira chip kwakukulu - pogwiritsa ntchito CAD koma popanda zida zamakono zoyeserera kapena ngakhale ma breadboard (njira yodziwika bwino yowunikira kapangidwe ka circuit ya electronic system pogwiritsa ntchito chips magawo a circuit asanalumikizane kwamuyaya).”
Condry, Kang ndi Huang amakumbukira nthawi imeneyo mwachikondi ndipo amayamikira luso ndi kudzipereka kwa antchito ambiri a AT&T omwe khama lawo linapangitsa kuti banja la Bellmac-32 chip litheke.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-19-2025