Mukati mwa unyolo woperekera zinthu, amatsenga ena amasintha mchenga kukhala ma diski a silicon crystal opangidwa bwino a diamondi, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa unyolo wonse woperekera zinthu wa semiconductor. Ndi gawo la unyolo woperekera zinthu wa semiconductor womwe umawonjezera mtengo wa "mchenga wa silicon" pafupifupi nthawi chikwi. Kuwala kochepa komwe mumawona pagombe ndi silicon. Silicon ndi kristalo wovuta wokhala ndi kupunduka komanso chitsulo cholimba (kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi kosakhala chitsulo). Silicon ili paliponse.
Silicon ndi chinthu chachiwiri chofala kwambiri padziko lapansi, pambuyo pa mpweya, komanso ndi chinthu chachisanu ndi chiwiri chofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse. Silicon ndi semiconductor, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa ma conductor (monga mkuwa) ndi ma insulators (monga galasi). Ma atomu achilendo ochepa mu kapangidwe ka silicon amatha kusintha kwambiri momwe imagwirira ntchito, kotero kuyera kwa silicon ya semiconductor-grade kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Kuyera kovomerezeka kocheperako kwa silicon ya electronic-grade ndi 99.999999%.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti atomu imodzi yokha yosakhala ya silicon imaloledwa pa maatomu 10 biliyoni aliwonse. Madzi abwino akumwa amalola mamolekyu 40 miliyoni osakhala amadzi, omwe ndi oyera kuwirikiza 50 miliyoni poyerekeza ndi silicon ya semiconductor-grade.
Opanga ma silicon wafer opanda kanthu ayenera kusintha silicon yoyera kwambiri kukhala mapangidwe abwino a kristalo imodzi. Izi zimachitika poika kristalo imodzi yokha kukhala silicon yosungunuka pa kutentha koyenera. Pamene ma crystals atsopano akuyamba kukula mozungulira kristalo imodzi, silicon ingot pang'onopang'ono imapanga kuchokera ku silicon yosungunuka. Njirayi imakhala yochedwa ndipo ingatenge sabata imodzi. Silicon ingot yomalizidwa imalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 100 ndipo imatha kupanga ma wafers opitilira 3,000.
Ma wafer amadulidwa m'zidutswa zopyapyala pogwiritsa ntchito waya wopyapyala kwambiri wa diamondi. Kulondola kwa zida zodulira za silicon ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse, apo ayi ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zidazo kuti achite zinthu zopusa kutsitsi lawo. Chiyambi chachifupi cha kupanga ma wafer a silicon ndi chosavuta kwambiri ndipo sichikuyamikira mokwanira zomwe anzeruwo apereka; koma akuyembekezeka kupereka maziko omvetsetsa bwino bizinesi ya ma wafer a silicon.
Ubale wa kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa ma wafer a silicon
Msika wa silicon wafer umayendetsedwa ndi makampani anayi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, msikawu wakhala uli pamlingo wosavuta pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufunikira.
Kuchepa kwa malonda a semiconductor mu 2023 kwapangitsa kuti msika ukhale wodzaza kwambiri, zomwe zachititsa kuti zinthu zamkati ndi zakunja za opanga ma chip zikhale zokwera. Komabe, izi ndi zakanthawi kochepa chabe. Pamene msika ukuchira, makampaniwa posachedwa abwerera ku mphamvu zawo ndipo ayenera kukwaniritsa zosowa zina zomwe zabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa AI. Kusintha kuchoka pa kapangidwe ka CPU kupita ku kompyuta yofulumira kudzakhudza makampani onse, chifukwa Komabe, izi zitha kukhudza magawo otsika mtengo a makampani a semiconductor.
Mapangidwe a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) amafuna malo ambiri a silicon
Pamene kufunikira kwa magwiridwe antchito kukuchulukirachulukira, opanga ma GPU ayenera kuthana ndi zoletsa zina pakupanga kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kuchokera ku ma GPU. Mwachiwonekere, kukulitsa chip ndi njira imodzi yopezera magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, chifukwa ma elekitironi sakonda kuyenda mtunda wautali pakati pa ma chip osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimalepheretsa magwiridwe antchito. Komabe, pali malire othandiza pakukulitsa chip, chomwe chimadziwika kuti "malire a retina".
Malire a lithography amatanthauza kukula kwakukulu kwa chip komwe kungawonekere pang'onopang'ono mu makina a lithography omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga semiconductor. Kuchepa kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya maginito ya zida za lithography, makamaka stepper kapena scanner yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira ya lithography. Paukadaulo waposachedwa, malire a chigoba nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi mamilimita 858. Kuchepa kwa kukula kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kumatsimikiza malo apamwamba omwe angapangidwe pa wafer mu chiwonetsero chimodzi. Ngati wafer ndi yayikulu kuposa malire awa, kuwonekera kambiri kudzafunika kuti pakhale chithunzi chokwanira cha wafer, zomwe sizingatheke popanga zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha zovuta zovuta komanso kulumikizana. GB200 yatsopano idzagonjetsa malire awa pophatikiza magawo awiri a chip ndi malire a kukula kwa tinthu mu silicon interlayer, ndikupanga substrate yocheperako kwambiri yomwe ndi yayikulu kawiri. Zoletsa zina za magwiridwe antchito ndi kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira ndi mtunda wa kukumbukira kumeneko (mwachitsanzo bandwidth ya kukumbukira). Mapangidwe atsopano a GPU amathetsa vutoli pogwiritsa ntchito stacked high-bandwidth memory (HBM) yomwe imayikidwa pa silicon interposer yomweyo ndi ma GPU chips awiri. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a silicon, vuto la HBM ndilakuti gawo lililonse la silicon ndi kawiri kuposa la DRAM yachikhalidwe chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri omwe amafunikira kuti pakhale bandwidth yayikulu. HBM imaphatikizanso chip yowongolera logic mu stack iliyonse, ndikuwonjezera dera la silicon. Kuwerengera koyerekeza kukuwonetsa kuti dera la silicon lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kapangidwe ka 2.5D GPU ndi nthawi 2.5 mpaka 3 kuposa kapangidwe kachikhalidwe ka 2.0D. Monga tanenera kale, pokhapokha makampani opanga zinthu zopangira zitsulo atakonzekera kusinthaku, mphamvu ya silicon wafer ikhoza kukhala yolimba kwambiri.
Kuthekera kwa msika wa silicon wafer mtsogolo
Lamulo loyamba mwa malamulo atatu opanga ma semiconductor ndilakuti ndalama zambiri ziyenera kuyikidwa pamene ndalama zochepa zilipo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito, ndipo makampani opanga ma semiconductor amavutika kutsatira lamuloli. Monga momwe chithunzichi chikusonyezera, opanga ma silicon wafer ambiri azindikira kusinthaku ndipo achulukitsa pafupifupi katatu ndalama zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kotala lililonse m'magawo angapo apitawa. Ngakhale kuti msika uli wovuta, izi zikadali choncho. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndichakuti izi zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Makampani opanga ma silicon wafer ali ndi mwayi kapena amadziwa zinazake zomwe ena sadziwa. Unyolo wopereka ma semiconductor ndi makina a nthawi omwe amatha kulosera zamtsogolo. Tsogolo lanu likhoza kukhala la munthu wina. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse sitimapeza mayankho, nthawi zambiri timapeza mafunso ofunika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-17-2024