Makampani opanga zida zamagalimoto akusintha
Posachedwapa, gulu la engineering la semiconductor lidakambirana za tchipisi tating'ono, kulumikizana kosakanizidwa, ndi zida zatsopano ndi Michael Kelly, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Amkor's chip ndi kuphatikiza kwa FCBGA. Omwenso adatenga nawo gawo pazokambirana anali wofufuza wa ASE, William Chen, wamkulu wa Promex Industries Dick Otte, ndi Sander Roosendaal, Mtsogoleri wa R&D wa Synopsys Photonics Solutions. M'munsimu muli mfundo zochokera muzokambiranazi.
Kwa zaka zambiri, kukula kwa tchipisi zamagalimoto sikunakhale patsogolo pamakampani. Komabe, ndi kukwera kwa magalimoto amagetsi ndi chitukuko cha machitidwe apamwamba a infotainment, izi zasintha kwambiri. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe mwawona?
Kelly: ADAS yapamwamba (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) imafuna mapurosesa omwe ali ndi ndondomeko ya 5-nanometer kapena yaying'ono kuti apikisane pamsika. Mukangolowa mu ndondomeko ya 5-nanometer, muyenera kuganizira zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimatsogolera kuganizira mozama zazitsulo zazing'onoting'ono, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kupanga tchipisi tating'onoting'ono pa 5-nanometer. Kuonjezera apo, zokolola zimakhala zochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pochita ndi 5-nanometer kapena njira zapamwamba kwambiri, makasitomala amalingalira kusankha gawo la chipangizo cha 5-nanometer m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito chip chonse, pamene akuwonjezera ndalama mu gawo la phukusi. Angaganize kuti, "Kodi ingakhale njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira mwanjira iyi, m'malo moyesera kumaliza ntchito zonse mu chip chachikulu?" Kotero, inde, makampani oyendetsa galimoto apamwamba akumvetsera kwambiri teknoloji yaying'ono ya chip. Makampani otsogola m'makampani akuyang'anitsitsa izi. Poyerekeza ndi gawo la computing, makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi zaka 2 mpaka 4 m'mbuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito tekinoloje ya chip yaying'ono, koma momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito mu gawo lamagalimoto ndi zomveka. Makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi zofunikira zodalirika kwambiri, kotero kudalirika kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa chip kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwaukadaulo wa chip pang'ono m'munda wamagalimoto kuli m'njira.
Chen: Sindinaonepo chopinga chilichonse. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti muphunzire ndikumvetsetsa mozama zofunikira za satifiketi. Izi zimabwereranso ku mlingo wa metrology. Kodi timapanga bwanji mapaketi omwe amakwaniritsa miyezo yolimba kwambiri yamagalimoto? Koma ndizotsimikizika kuti tekinoloje yoyenera ikusintha mosalekeza.
Poganizira zovuta zambiri zamafuta ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zigawo zamitundu yambiri, kodi padzakhala mbiri zatsopano zoyesa kupsinjika kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayeso? Kodi miyezo yaposachedwa ya JEDEC ingakhudze machitidwe ophatikizika otere?
Chen: Ndikukhulupirira kuti tifunika kupanga njira zowonjezereka zowunikira kuti tidziwe bwino komwe kumayambitsa zolephera. Takambirana za kuphatikiza metrology ndi matenda, ndipo tili ndi udindo wodziwa momwe tingamangire mapaketi olimba, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba ndi njira, ndikuzitsimikizira.
Kelly: Masiku ano, tikuchita maphunziro amilandu ndi makasitomala, omwe aphunzirapo kanthu kuchokera ku kuyesa kwadongosolo ladongosolo, makamaka kuyesa kwa kutentha kwa kutentha m'mayesero a board ogwira ntchito, omwe sanapangidwe mu kuyesa kwa JEDEC. Kuyesa kwa JEDEC ndikungoyesa kwachilengedwe, komwe kumaphatikizapo "kukwera kwa kutentha, kugwa, ndi kusintha kwa kutentha." Komabe, kugawidwa kwa kutentha m'maphukusi enieni kuli kutali ndi zomwe zimachitika m'dziko lenileni. Makasitomala ochulukirachulukira akufuna kuyesa mayeso adongosolo mwachangu chifukwa amamvetsetsa izi, ngakhale si aliyense amene akudziwa. Tekinoloje yoyeserera imagwiranso ntchito pano. Ngati munthu ali ndi luso pakuyerekezera kophatikiza ndi matenthedwe, kusanthula mavuto kumakhala kosavuta chifukwa amadziwa zomwe akuyenera kuyang'ana pakuyesa. Kuyesa kwadongosolo ndiukadaulo woyerekeza zimayenderana. Komabe, mkhalidwe umenewu udakali m’mayambiriro ake.
Kodi pali zinthu zambiri zotentha zomwe zimayenera kuthana ndi ma tekinoloje okhwima kuposa kale?
Otte: Inde, koma zaka zingapo zapitazi, nkhani za coplanarity zakula kwambiri. Timawona zipilala zamkuwa 5,000 mpaka 10,000 pa chip, zotalikirana pakati pa 50 microns ndi 127 microns motalikirana. Ngati muyang'anitsitsa deta yoyenera, mudzapeza kuti kuyika zipilala zamkuwa pa gawo lapansi ndikuchita ntchito zotenthetsera, kuziziritsa, ndi kubwezeretsanso kumafuna kukwaniritsa gawo limodzi mwazolondola za coplanarity zikwi zana. Mbali imodzi mu kulondola kwa zikwi zana ili ngati kupeza tsamba la udzu mkati mwa utali wa bwalo la mpira. Tagula zida za Keyence zoyezera kusalala kwa chip ndi gawo lapansi. Zachidziwikire, funso lotsatira ndilakuti mungayang'anire bwanji chodabwitsa ichi panthawi ya reflow soldering cycle? Ili ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa.
Chen: Ndimakumbukira zokambirana za Ponte Vecchio, pomwe adagwiritsa ntchito solder yocheperako poganizira za msonkhano m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa.
Popeza kuti madera onse omwe ali pafupi akadali ndi vuto la kutentha, ma photonics ayenera kuphatikizidwa bwanji ndi izi?
Roosendaal: Kuyerekeza kwamafuta kumafunika kuchitidwa pazigawo zonse, komanso kutulutsa ma frequency apamwamba ndikofunikiranso chifukwa ma sign omwe amalowa ndi ma frequency apamwamba. Chifukwa chake, zinthu monga kufananiza kwa impedance ndi kukhazikitsa koyenera ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Pakhoza kukhala kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kungakhalepo mkati mwa kufa komweko kapena pakati pa zomwe timatcha "E" kufa (kufa kwamagetsi) ndi "P" kufa (photon kufa). Ndili ndi chidwi ngati tifunika kuzama mozama za mawonekedwe amafuta a zomatira.
Izi zimabweretsa zokambirana za zida zomangira, kusankha kwawo, komanso kukhazikika pakapita nthawi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ukadaulo wa hybrid bonding wagwiritsidwa ntchito mdziko lenileni, koma sunagwiritsidwebe ntchito popanga zambiri. Kodi zamakono zamakono zili bwanji?
Kelly: Maphwando onse omwe ali mgululi akulabadira ukadaulo wama hybrid bonding. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo uwu umatsogozedwa ndi ma foundries, koma makampani a OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test) akuphunziranso mozama ntchito zake zamalonda. Zida zomangira zamtundu wa copper hybrid dielectric zakhala zikutsimikiziridwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati ukhondo ukhoza kuwongoleredwa, njirayi imatha kupanga zigawo zamphamvu kwambiri. Komabe, ili ndi zofunikira zaukhondo kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wa zida zazikulu ndizokwera kwambiri. Tidakumana ndi kuyesa koyambirira kwa AMD's Ryzen product line, pomwe ambiri a SRAM adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosakanizidwa wa copper hybrid. Komabe, sindinawonepo makasitomala ena ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lusoli. Ngakhale zili pamakina aukadaulo amakampani ambiri, zikuwoneka kuti zitenga zaka zingapo kuti zida zofananira zikwaniritse zofunikira zaukhondo. Ngati ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale okhala ndi ukhondo wochepa pang'ono kusiyana ndi nsalu yopyapyala, ndipo ngati ndalama zotsika zingatheke, ndiye kuti teknolojiyi idzalandira chidwi chochuluka.
Chen: Malinga ndi ziwerengero zanga, mapepala osachepera 37 okhudza mgwirizano wosakanizidwa adzaperekedwa pamsonkhano wa 2024 ECTC. Iyi ndi njira yomwe imafuna ukatswiri wambiri ndipo imaphatikizapo ntchito zambiri zabwino panthawi yosonkhanitsa. Chifukwa chake ukadaulo uwu udzawona kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala. Pali kale milandu yogwiritsira ntchito, koma m'tsogolomu, idzakhala yofala kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Mukatchula "ntchito zabwino," kodi mukutanthauza kufunikira kwa ndalama zambiri?
Chen: Zoonadi, zimaphatikizapo nthawi ndi luso. Kuchita ntchitoyi kumafuna malo oyera kwambiri, omwe amafunikira ndalama. Zimafunikanso zida zogwirizana, zomwe zimafunanso ndalama. Chifukwa chake izi sizimangotengera ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso ndalama zogulira malo.
Kelly: Ngati pali masinthidwe a ma microns 15 kapena kupitilira apo, pali chidwi chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa copper wafer-to-wafer. Moyenera, zowotcha ndizophwanyika, ndipo makulidwe a chip si akulu kwambiri, zomwe zimaloleza kubwezanso kwapamwamba pamipata inayi. Ngakhale izi zimabweretsa zovuta zina, ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa kudzipereka kuukadaulo wolumikizana ndi copper hybrid. Komabe, ngati kufunikira kolondola ndi ma microns 10 kapena kutsika, zinthu zimasintha. Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa chip stacking akwaniritsa malo okhala ndi manambala amodzi, monga ma micron 4 kapena 5, ndipo palibe njira ina. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wofunikira udzakula mosakayikira. Komabe, matekinoloje omwe alipo kale akukulanso mosalekeza. Chifukwa chake tsopano tikuyang'ana kwambiri za malire omwe mizati yamkuwa imatha kukulitsa komanso ngati ukadaulo uwu ukhala nthawi yayitali kuti makasitomala achedwetse kamangidwe kake ndi "kuyenerera" kuyika ndalama zachitukuko muukadaulo weniweni wolumikizana ndi mkuwa wosakanizidwa.
Chen: Tidzangotengera matekinoloje oyenera pakafunika.
Kodi pali zatsopano zambiri mu gawo la epoxy molding compound pano?
Kelly: Zinthu zoumba zinthu zasintha kwambiri. CTE yawo (coefficient of thermal expansion) yachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokomera ntchito zofunikira kuchokera pakukanika.
Otte: Titabwereranso ku zokambirana zathu zam'mbuyomu, ndi tchipisi zingati za semiconductor zomwe zimapangidwa ndi 1 kapena 2 micron spacing?
Kelly: Kuchuluka kwakukulu.
Chen: Mwina zosakwana 1%.
Otte: Chifukwa chake ukadaulo womwe tikukambirana sunali wamba. Sizili mu gawo la kafukufuku, chifukwa makampani otsogola akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, koma ndiokwera mtengo komanso zokolola zochepa.
Kelly: Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakompyuta ochita bwino kwambiri. Masiku ano, imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati m'malo opangira ma data komanso pama PC apamwamba komanso zida zina zam'manja. Ngakhale zidazi ndi zazing'ono, zimakhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Komabe, muzinthu zambiri za processors ndi ntchito za CMOS, gawo lake limakhalabe laling'ono. Kwa opanga chip wamba, palibe chifukwa chotengera ukadaulo uwu.
Otte: Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizodabwitsa kuwona ukadaulo uwu ukulowa mumakampani amagalimoto. Magalimoto safuna tchipisi kuti akhale ochepa kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kukhalabe pa 20 kapena 40 nanometer njira, monga mtengo pa transistor mu semiconductors ndi otsika kwambiri pa njirayi.
Kelly: Komabe, zomwe zimafunikira pakuwerengera za ADAS kapena kuyendetsa pawokha ndizofanana ndi zama PC a AI kapena zida zofananira. Chifukwa chake, makampani opanga magalimoto amafunika kuyika ndalama muukadaulo wapamwambawu.
Ngati kusintha kwazinthuzo ndi zaka zisanu, kodi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kukulitsa mwayi kwa zaka zina zisanu?
Kelly: Mfundo imeneyi ndi yomveka. Makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi mbali ina. Ganizirani zowongolera ma servo osavuta kapena zida zosavuta za analogi zomwe zakhalapo kwa zaka 20 ndipo ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito tchipisi tating'ono. Anthu ogulitsa magalimoto akufuna kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi. Amangofuna kuyika ndalama pazida zamakompyuta zapamwamba kwambiri zokhala ndi tchipisi tating'ono ta digito ndikutheka kuziphatikiza ndi tchipisi ta analogi zotsika mtengo, kukumbukira kwa flash, ndi tchipisi ta RF. Kwa iwo, chitsanzo chaching'ono cha chip chimakhala chomveka chifukwa amatha kusunga magawo ambiri otsika mtengo, okhazikika, okalamba. Safuna kusintha zigawozi kapena kufunikira kutero. Kenaka, amangofunika kuwonjezera kachipangizo kakang'ono ka 5-nanometer kapena 3-nanometer kuti akwaniritse ntchito za gawo la ADAS. M'malo mwake, akugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tchipisi tating'ono pa chinthu chimodzi. Mosiyana ndi ma PC ndi ma computing, makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito.
Chen: Komanso, tchipisi tating'ono ting'onoting'ono sayenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi injini, kotero kuti chilengedwe chimakhala bwinoko.
Kelly: Kutentha kwa chilengedwe m'magalimoto ndikwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mphamvu ya chip sikhala yokwera kwambiri, makampani amagalimoto amayenera kuyika ndalama zina munjira zabwino zowongolera kutentha ndipo angaganizirenso kugwiritsa ntchito indium TIM (zida zamawonekedwe otentha) chifukwa chilengedwe ndi chovuta kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-28-2025