Mu gawo la opanga ma semiconductor, njira yachikhalidwe yopangira ndalama zambiri ikukumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Ndi chiwonetsero cha "CEATEC 2024" chomwe chikubwera, bungwe la Minimum Wafer Fab Promotion Organisation likuwonetsa njira yatsopano yopangira ma semiconductor yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira ma semiconductor ang'onoang'ono kwambiri panjira za lithography. Lusoli likubweretsa mwayi wosayerekezeka kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati (SMEs) ndi makampani oyambira. Nkhaniyi ipanga chidziwitso chofunikira kuti ifufuze mbiri, zabwino, zovuta, komanso momwe ukadaulo wa minimum wafer fab ungakhudzire makampani opanga ma semiconductor.
Kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor ndi makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri komanso ukadaulo wambiri. Mwachikhalidwe, kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor kumafuna mafakitale akuluakulu ndi zipinda zoyera kuti apange ma wafer a mainchesi 12 ambiri. Ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa pa fab iliyonse yayikulu nthawi zambiri zimafika pa 2 trillion yen (pafupifupi 120 biliyoni RMB), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ma SME ndi makampani oyambira kuti alowe m'munda umenewu. Komabe, chifukwa cha ukadaulo wocheperako wa fab, vutoli likusintha.
Ma wafer fabs ochepa ndi njira zatsopano zopangira ma semiconductor zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma wafer a mainchesi 0.5, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kupanga ndi ndalama zogulira poyerekeza ndi ma wafer achikhalidwe a mainchesi 12. Ndalama zogulira zida zopangira izi ndi pafupifupi yen 500 miliyoni (pafupifupi 23.8 miliyoni RMB), zomwe zimathandiza ma SME ndi makampani oyambira kuyamba kupanga ma semiconductor ndi ndalama zochepa.
Chiyambi cha ukadaulo wa minimum wafer fab chikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi pulojekiti yofufuza yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) ku Japan mu 2008. Cholinga cha polojekitiyi chinali kupanga njira yatsopano yopangira ma semiconductor mwa kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yaying'ono. Cholingachi, chotsogozedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma, Malonda ndi Makampani ku Japan, chinali chogwirizana pakati pa makampani ndi mabungwe 140 aku Japan kuti apange mibadwo yatsopano ya machitidwe opangira, cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama ndi zopinga zaukadaulo, kulola opanga magalimoto ndi zida zapakhomo kupanga ma semiconductor ndi masensa omwe amafunikira.
**Ubwino wa Ukadaulo Wochepa wa Wafer Fab:**
1. **Ndalama Zotsika Kwambiri Zogulira Zinthu:** Ma wafer fab achikhalidwe amafuna ndalama zokwana mabiliyoni mazana ambiri a yen, pomwe ndalama zomwe zimafunika kuti ma wafer fab ochepa azigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 1/100 mpaka 1/1000 yokha ya ndalamazo. Popeza chipangizo chilichonse ndi chaching'ono, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito malo akuluakulu a fakitale kapena ma photomasks kuti apange ma circuit, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
2. **Ma Model Opanga Osinthasintha Komanso Osiyanasiyana:** Ma wafer fabs ochepa amayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zazing'ono. Mtundu uwu wopanga umalola ma SME ndi makampani oyambira kupanga mwachangu ndikusintha malinga ndi zosowa zawo, kukwaniritsa zosowa za msika wa zinthu zopangidwa mwamakonda komanso zosiyanasiyana.
3. **Njira Zosavuta Zopangira:** Zipangizo zopangira zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma wafer fabs ochepa zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kofanana pa ntchito zonse, ndipo zotengera zonyamulira ma wafer (ma shuttle) zimakhala zofala pa sitepe iliyonse. Popeza zipangizo ndi ma shuttle amagwira ntchito pamalo oyera, palibe chifukwa chosamalira zipinda zazikulu zoyera. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zopangira ndi zovuta zake kudzera muukadaulo woyeretsa wapafupi komanso njira zosavuta zopangira.
4. **Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Yochepa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Pakhomo:** Zipangizo zopangira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu wafer fabs zochepa zimakhalanso ndi mphamvu yochepa ndipo zimatha kugwira ntchito pa mphamvu ya AC100V yapakhomo. Khalidweli limalola zipangizozi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe si m'zipinda zoyera, zomwe zimachepetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
5. **Njira Zofupikitsira Zopangira:** Kupanga zinthu zazikulu za semiconductor nthawi zambiri kumafuna nthawi yayitali yodikira kuyambira pa oda mpaka kufika, pomwe zinthu zochepa za wafer fabs zimatha kupanga zinthu zofunikira za semiconductor panthawi yake mkati mwa nthawi yomwe mukufuna. Ubwino uwu umawonekera makamaka m'magawo monga Internet of Things (IoT), omwe amafunikira zinthu zazing'ono, zosakanikirana kwambiri za semiconductor.
**Chiwonetsero ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ukadaulo:**
Pa chiwonetsero cha "CEATEC 2024", bungwe la Minimum Wafer Fab Promotion Organisation linawonetsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono kwambiri zopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor. Pa chiwonetserochi, makina atatu adakonzedwa kuti awonetse njira yogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira zinthu, zomwe zidaphatikizapo kupopera, kuonekera, ndi kupanga. Chidebe chonyamulira zinthu cha wafer (shuttle) chinagwidwa m'manja, kuyikidwa mu chipangizocho, ndikuyatsidwa ndi batani. Pambuyo pomaliza, makina onyamulira zinthu anatengedwa ndikuyikidwa pa chipangizo china. Mkhalidwe wamkati ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chipangizo chilichonse zinawonetsedwa pa ma monitor awo.
Njira zitatuzi zikatha, wafer anayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu, ndikuwonetsa kapangidwe kake kokhala ndi mawu akuti "Happy Halloween" ndi chithunzi cha dzungu. Chiwonetserochi sichinangowonetsa kuthekera kwa ukadaulo wocheperako wa wafer fab komanso chinawonetsa kusinthasintha kwake komanso kulondola kwake kwakukulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, makampani ena ayamba kuyesa ukadaulo wa nsalu ya wafer yochepa. Mwachitsanzo, Yokogawa Solutions, kampani yothandizidwa ndi Yokogawa Electric Corporation, yakhazikitsa makina opangira zinthu osavuta komanso okongola, ofanana ndi makina ogulitsa zakumwa, iliyonse yokhala ndi ntchito zoyeretsera, kutentha, ndi kuunikira. Makina awa amapanga mzere wopanga zinthu wa semiconductor, ndipo malo ochepa ofunikira pa mzere wopanga wa "mini wafer fab" ndi kukula kwa mabwalo awiri a tenisi okha, 1% yokha ya malo a nsalu ya wafer ya mainchesi 12.
Komabe, ma minimum wafer fabs pakadali pano akuvutika kupikisana ndi mafakitale akuluakulu a semiconductor. Mapangidwe a ma circuit abwino kwambiri, makamaka muukadaulo wapamwamba (monga 7nm ndi pansi), amadalirabe zida zapamwamba komanso luso lalikulu lopanga. Njira za wafer za mainchesi 0.5 za ma minimum wafer fabs ndizoyenera kwambiri popanga zida zosavuta, monga masensa ndi MEMS.
Ma wafer fab ochepa ndi chitsanzo chatsopano chodalirika kwambiri chopangira ma semiconductor. Pokhala ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono, mtengo wotsika, komanso kusinthasintha, akuyembekezeka kupereka mwayi watsopano pamsika kwa ma SME ndi makampani atsopano. Ubwino wa ma wafer fab ochepa umaonekera makamaka m'malo enaake ogwiritsira ntchito monga IoT, masensa, ndi MEMS.
Mtsogolomu, pamene ukadaulo ukukulirakulira ndikukwezedwa patsogolo, zinthu zocheperako za wafer fabs zitha kukhala mphamvu yofunika kwambiri mumakampani opanga zinthu za semiconductor. Sikuti zimangopatsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono mwayi wolowa m'mundawu komanso zitha kuyambitsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ndalama ndi mitundu yopanga yamakampani onse. Kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi kudzafuna khama lalikulu muukadaulo, chitukuko cha maluso, komanso kumanga zachilengedwe.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, kukwezedwa bwino kwa zinthu zotsika mtengo za wafer fabs kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pamakampani onse opanga zinthu zolemera, makamaka pankhani yokhudza kusiyanasiyana kwa unyolo wopereka zinthu, kusinthasintha kwa njira zopangira zinthu, komanso kuwongolera ndalama. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ukadaulo uwu kudzathandiza kupititsa patsogolo luso ndi kupita patsogolo kwa makampani opanga zinthu zolemera padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-14-2024